1. ______ can be defined as maintaining critical parameters in theinternal environment within tolerable ranges.

1. Irritability b. Evolution c. Homeostasis d. Metabolism e.Catabolism

1. The _____ is a membrane-bound network that processes proteinsand lipids.

1. peroxisome
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. chloroplasts
4. ribosomes
5. lysosomes

1. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm inwhich:
   1. proteins are deaminated.
   2. proteins are synthesized.
   3. proteins are packaged for export.
   4. energy-rich molecules are broken down, using oxygen, to provideenergy for cell activities.
   5. proteins are united with carbohydrates to formglycoproteins.

1. Process by which a white blood cell actively engulfs abacterial cell:

1. active transport b.osmosis c.phagocytosis d.pinocytosise.colloidal diffusion

1. The function of messenger RNA is to:
   1. transport a message from ribosomes into the nucleus.
   2. form peptide bonds between amino acids.
   3. act as a template for protein synthesis at the ribosome.
   4. regulate protein degradation.
   5. All of the above

1. A gene contains the information which will be used by the cellto produce a specific:

1. amino acid b. protein c. nitrogen-containing base d. ATPmolecule e. none of these

1. The overall reaction for cellular respiration is:
   1. pyruvic acid + NADH₂ → lactic acid + NAD
   2. ATP + C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂→ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
   3. 6CO₂ + 6H₂O →C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ +ATP
   4. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ →6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
   5. NAD + lactic acid → pyruvic acid + NADH₂

1. Choose the correct statement(s) concerning hydrogen bonding. Ahydrogen bond ___________.
   1. can involve two different polar molecules.
   2. can involve water molecules.
   3. is weaker than a covalent bond.
   4. can occur between molecules.
   5. All of the above are correct statements concerning hydrogenbonding.

1. Nonpolar molecules such as lipids are good examples of:
   1. hydrophobic molecules.
   2. electrolytes
   3. molecules that will dissociate when placed in water.
   4. hydrophilic molecules.
   5. solutes.

1. Glycogen is
   1. the storage form of glucose for animals.
   2. a disaccharide, found in milk.
   3. is formed from glucose in an anabolic reaction
   4. (a) and (b) are correct
   5. (a) and (c) are correct

1. Cell membranes are mostly composed of _____.
   1. enzymes, electron acceptors and electron donors
   2. fatty acids
   3. lipids and proteins
   4. monosaccharides
   5. nucleotides and nucleosides
2. The major function of the plasma membrane is to:
   1. define the structure of the organelles.
   2. provide genetic information for the cell.
   3. synthesize chemicals for metabolism.
   4. regulate the passage of molecules and ions.

1. The class of organic molecules characterized by theirinsolubility in water is the:

1. Carbohydrate b. lipids c. proteins d. ions e. nucleicacids

1. If a molecule is insoluble in water it is
   1. hydrophobic
   2. unable to freely pass through the cell membrane
   3. a polar molecule

1. Which of the following molecules can pass freely through theinterior of the cell membrane?
   1. carbohydrates b. lipids c. amino acids d. DNA

1. Each amino acid differs from others in the:
   1. chemical structure of the R group.
   2. size of the amino group.
   3. number of carboxyl groups
   4. number of peptide bonds in the molecule.

1. The pH in an organism
   1. is a measure of the amount of H+
   2. can affect the structure of proteins
   3. can affect the function of proteins
   4. all of the above are true

1. Hydrophilic molecules such as carbohydrates and amino acids canenter the cell by
   1. using protein channels and carriers
   2. endocytosis
   3. exocytosis
   4. a and b are correct
   5. a and c are correct

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION, ANSWERS QUESTIONS 19-21 Thephospholipid of the cell membrane is not permeable to ions. Thereis more Ca2+ and Na+ outside the cell while there is more K+ insidethe cell.

1. If you open up a channel to Ca2+,

a) Ca2+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell willdecrease

b) Ca2+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell willdecrease

c) Ca2+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell willincrease

1. If you open up a channel to K+.

a) K+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell willdecrease

b) K+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell willdecrease

c) K+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell willincrease

1. If you open a channel to Na+,

a) Na+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell willdecrease

b) Na+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell willdecrease

c) Na+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell willincrease

1. Which observation would suggest that active transport, ratherthan passive diffusion, is responsible for moving a particularsubstance from the outside of a cell into acell?

   a. a higher concentration of the substance outsidethe cell than inside the cell.

   b. a higher concentration of the substance insidethe cell than outside the cell.

   c. a positive correlation between ATP breakdown andthe amount of substance taken in.

   d. b and c are both correct.

23.If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

a.water will move into the cell and the cell with swell b.waterwill move out of the cell and the cell will shrink

24. If the tubule of the kidney contained solution that has anosmolarity of 300 and fluid in the surrounding tissue had anosmolarity of 450…

a. the surrounding fluid would be hypotonic and water wouldleave the tubule

b. the surrounding fluid would be hypotonic and water wouldenter the tubule

c. the surrounding fluid would be hypertonic and water wouldenter the tubule

d. the surrounding fluid would be hypertonic and water wouldleave the tubule

Part B, Chemistry (questions 25-33)

25. Element listed below which is NOT among the four mostfrequently found elements in living matter

a.carbon b. hydrogen c. sodium d. oxygen e. nitrogen

26. Potassium has one electron in its outermost shell.Therefore, to complete its outer shell, potassium is most likelyto:

a.gain 7 electrons

b. lose 7 electrons

c. gain one electron

d. lose one electron

27. When an electron is transferred from one atom to another,the resulting opposite charges attract to form _____ bonds.

a.hydrogen b. polar covalent c. ionic d. covalent e. none ofthese

28. Type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared by twoatoms:

a.hydrogen

   b. ionic

   c. isotopic

   d. electronic

   e. covalent

29. Water is said to be a polar compound because the sharedelectrons spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogenatoms.

a.true

   b. false

30. What is the concentration of 360 grams of glucose (molecularweight 180 g/mol) placed in 200 ml of water?

a. 1.0 mol/liter b. 10 mol/liter c. 0.1 mol/liter d. 0.04mol/liter

31. The breakdown of fats (triglycerides) into free fatty acidsis an example of

a. an anabolic reaction

b. an exergonic reaction

c. a reaction that requires energy

d. (a) and (b) are correct

e. (a) and (c) are correct

32. The rate of chemical reaction may be affected by:

a. presence of enzymes

   b. concentration of reactants

   c. concentration of products

   d. temperature

   e. all of these

33. When the following reactions are at equilibrium:

H₂O 2H + O

   a. more water is formed than H and O

   b. less water is formed than H and O

   c. the amounts of H, O and H₂O areequal

   d. reaction A and reaction B are occurring at thesame rate

   e. none of the above

Part C, General Science (questions 34-40)

34.If the electrical charge inside a cell was -70 millivolts,how many volts would this be?

a.-0.7 volts b. -0.07 volts c.-7.0 volts d. -70,000 volts e. -70 volts

35. What is the pH of solution that has a concentration of H+that is 0.001 moles/liter (hint: express this number usingscientific notation, then use the equation. pH = - log [H+].

a. -1 b. 3 c. 13 d. 7 e. -3

36. Using the graph below, with a ventricular stretch of 200 ml,what would be the stroke volume?

a.50 ml b. 70 ml c. 90 ml d. 110 ml e. 200 ml

37. If your heart pumps out 70 ml of blood per beat (strokevolume) and your heart rate is 60 beats per minute, what is theoutput of your heart in ml per minute (this is your cardiacoutput)

a.10 ml

b. 420 ml

c. 4,200 ml

d. 420 liters

e. 2.1 liters

38. 3,500 excess calories will eventually be converted to 1pound of fat tissue. If you consume 70 calories a day more than youburn, how long would it take you to gain one pound of fat

a. 5 days b. 2 weeks c. 50 days d. 2 months e. 5 months

39. Following rigorous exercise, your heart rate was 40 beats in20 seconds. What is your heart rate in beats per minute?

a.80 b. 160 c. 100 d. 90 e. 120

40. The amount that you learn in physiology is positivelycorrelate with

a. the frequency of your attendance

   b. your desire to engage in lectures and labs

   c. your asking questions when you don’t understandsomething

   d. your willingness to address and work on youracademic weaknesses

   e. all of these