Biology review Sheet - NEED ANSWERS ASAP - the last person didthis very poorly

1. Identify and differentiate between the asexual spores andsporangia produced by zygomycetes and the conidia and conidiophoresproduced by ascomycetes.

1. Describe mycorrhizae and lichens and explain the role of eachorganism involved in each of these mutualistic relationships. Ifpresented with a lichen specimen, you should be able to identify itas such.

1. Ste why Bryophytes (mosses) and Pteridophytes (Ferns) arerestricted to habitats that are moist.

1. State why Bryophytes exhibit low, sprawling growth.

1. Differentiate between xylem and phloem.

1. Define Heterospory and distinguish between microspores andmegaspores (i.e. with respect to what they develop into). Statewhich plant groups are heterosporous.

1. List for differences between seeds and spores.

1. Describe pollen (i.e. what is pollen?) and explain why pollenprovides and advantage to plants that produce it.

1. Describe a seed (i.e. what is a seed?) state which generation(gametophyte or sporophyte) develops from a seed, and state theadvantage of producing seeds.

1. Describe a flower; label the parts of a flower; identify themale and female reproductive organs; the site of pollen production;site of egg production; and site of fertilization; and state thepurpose of flowers.

1. Define fruit and explain how fruits are advantageous toflowering plants.

1. State which structures of the flower develop into the seed andfruit respectively.

1. Differentiate between simple, aggregate, accessory, andmultiple fruits, with examples.

14. Compare and contrast the life cycles of bryophytes,pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (some of this includedin the list for objective 6 above).

part 2

1. Describe at least 5 characteristics that green algae and landplants have in common.
2. List and briefly describe at least 5 challenges faced by plantsin “making the move to land”.
3. List at least 5 adaptations (shared derived characteristics) ofland plants and briefly explain how these4 features are adaptivefor life on land.
4. Diagram the generalized alternation of generations, thereproductive cells produced (spores, gametes, and zygote) and wheremitosis, meiosis and fertilization take place.
5. Indicate which stages/structures in the alternation ofgenerations life cycle are haploid and which are diploid, and whichare multicellular and which are unicellular.
6. Compare/contrast phylum Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta,Cupressophyta, and Anthophyta with regards to:

• The presence of a waxy cuticle, sporangia and gametangia, andembryo retention.
• The presence of stomata
• The presence of vascular tissue
• The presence of true roots and leaves
• The dominance, size and independence of the sporophyte andgametophyte stages
• How fertilization is accomplished (i.e. do flagellated spermswim to the egg or is the male gametophyte transported to thefemale via wind and/or animal dispersed pollen grains?).
• The reproductive structures that are being dispersed
• If the female gametophyte is contained within and ovule, and ifso, the ovule is within an ovary.
• Whether seeds, flowers and/or fruit are produced
• … and be able to state/identify/describe any otherdistinguishing features of these phyla that are noted in you labmanual 9e.g., rhizoids, sori, cones, the sporophytes vs.gametophyte generation…etc).

part 3

1. List the general characteristic of fungi that distinguish themfrom members of other multicellular kingdoms (i.e. Plants andAnimals).
2. State at least two characteristics of fungi that support thehypothesis that they are more closely related to animals than toplants (i.e. what are some features found in fungi and animals, butnot in plants?).
3. Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients.
4. Describe the basic body plan of a multicellular fungus.
5. State what a yeast is.
6. Differentiate between coenocytic and septate fungi.
7. Draw/fill-in/answer questions related to a diagram illustratingthe basic (generalized) lifecycle of a fungus, including asexualand sexual reproduction. Identify the haploid, diploid, andheterokaryotic stages, and define plasmogamy and karyogamy.
8. State the function of a fungal fruiting body
9. Explain the significance of cyanobacteria to the evolution oflife on Earth and the important roles cyanobacteria play inecosystems.
10. Identify specimens of any of the cyanobacteria colony, andstate the significance (role) of these cells.
11. Explain why it s that people who cannot tolerate milk can ofteneat yogurt.
12. Given the results of the gram stain, be able to identify whichbacteria are Gram positive and which are gram negative
13. Define zone of inhibition.
14. Given a plate (or and image of a plate) that has been incubatedwith bacteria and antibiotic discs, identify which antibiotic(s)the bacterium was sensitive to, which antibiotic(s) the bacteriumwas resistant to, and justify your answer by explaining how/why thezones of inhibition form and what a larger zone means.→ Hint: Your answer should refer to theconcentration antibiotic as it diffuses in to the agar.
15. Explain how pathogenic bacteria may acquire antibioticresistance, how antibiotic resistance can quickly spread through abacterial population, and how misuse of antibiotics an promoteprevalence of resistant strains → Hint: Youranswer should refer to mutations , lateral/horizontal genetransfer, rapid reduction in bacteria, and natural selection (i.e.change environment with addition of antibiotic →resistant strains favored)

16. Briefly explain why antibiotics are effective at killingbacterial cells, but do not seem to impact human sells.→ Hint: This is in your assignment.

part 4

1. State several characteristics of Archaea that distinguish thisgroup from Bacteria.
2. Distinguish between halophile, thermophiles, andmethanogens.
3. List the major characteristics that define domain Bacteria
4. Differentiate between cocci, bacilli, and spirilli.
5. Define “endospores” and explain how endospores have contributedto the success of some bacteria.
6. Differentiate between the following modes of nutrition:photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph andchemoheterotroph.
7. Differentiate between obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobes, andfacultative anaerobes.
8. Understand/explain sterile technique. Both when pouring platesand spreading bacteria on plates.
9. Distinguish between the structure of Gram positive and Gramnegative bacteria, and clearly explain how these differences allowthe Gram staining procedure to differentiate between these groups(this will require both explaining how the Gram staining procedureis carried out and how differences in morphology of these twogroups of bacteria result in different end colors).

part 5

1. Define “taxonomy”.
2. Define “binomial nomenclature” and know how to properly writean organism’s scientific name.
3. List the major taxonomic categories or the current hierarchicalclassification system, from the most to least inclusive.
4. Describe Linnaeus’ original two kingdom classification and nametwo shortcomings of this scheme.
5. List three Domains
6. State the guidelines/rules for properly building a dichotomouskey and/or identify errors in an example a dichotomous key and/orbuild a dichotomous key using a given set of specimens