As part of an experiment on the effects of behaviour modelling,raters are evaluating the prosocial behaviours in a series ofvideotapes of a class of pre-schoolers. Initially, the raters werequite strict in their ratings, but after three hours of rating,their criteria had changed. What type of threat to internalvalidity has occurred?
A. History
B. Testing
C. Regression to the mean
D. *Instrumentation*
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Question 2 of 50 1 Points
Which of the following threats to internal validity arises whenparticipants are selected for treatment because they scoreparticularly high on a less than perfectly reliable tests?
A. Instrumentation
B. *Testing*
C. History
D. Statistical regression

A specification of how a researcher measures aresearch variable is known as a(n)
A. *operational definition*
B. independent variable
C. replication.
D. dependent variable

In an experiment, every participant in one group meetssomeone playing the part of an “annoying” student and then answersquestions about their happiness in the university. The personplaying the “annoying” role in the study is called a _____.

A. participant

B. cover story

C. control variable

D. *confe*

You identified the 15 employees in a largeorganization who were absent from work the most days during theprevious month. You require these employees to attend a one-dayprogram on time and stress management in an attempt to reduceabsenteeism. In the following month, all of the employees improvedtheir attendance. The improvement could be caused by the program orit might be due to:
A. mortality
B. statistical regression
C. *history*
D. instrument decay

In order to minimize participant expectations as asource of confound in an experiment, a researcher used a techniquecalled __________, which involves concealing the real purpose ofthe experiment from the participants. After the experiment, theresearcher gave full details about theC experiment to theparticipants in a procedure called _________.
A. single-blind; debriefing
B. deception; interview
C. randomization; matching
D.* deception; debriefing*

A researcher asks 40 pupils (from a school with 200pupils) to participate in an experiment on altruism. The 40 pupilsconstitute a:
A. variable
B. population
C. *sample*
D. control group

In psychological experiment, the dependent variableis
A. always an extraneous in a field experiment.
B. *usually a behaviour.*
C. observed in naturalistic settings.
D. controlled by the experimenter.

In experimental research, the researchermanipulates
A. all variables
B. *at *least one independent* variable*‼️
C. at least one dependent variable
D. one independent variable and one dependent variable

As a part of his summer internship, Raymond, an18-year-old psychology student wanted to study the levels ofmarital unhappiness among professionally qualified women graduates.What is the most likely experimenter effect in this study?
A. Experimenter knowledge
B. Experimenter expectancies
C. *Experimenter attributes*‼️
D. Experimenter bias

A study conducted in the early 1970s showed depressionand alienation to be the primary effects of institutionalizationamong elderly couples whose children had migrated to othercountries and hence were unable to give them physical care andsupport. The same study when conducted in the 1990s may not havehad a similar inference because this had become a more commonphenomenon by then. More youngsters were migrating due to greateravailability of educational and professional opportunities, andinstitutional care had also started focusing on age-specificrecreation. Which validity did the first study not have?

A. Population validity

B. *Temporal validity*‼️

C. Treatment validity

D. Ecological validity

What does an empiricist believe?
A. Research conducted in the 19th century was biased andunreliable.
B. **Knowledge*, in the form of 'facts', should be gained throughsensory experience.*‼️
C. It is the psychologist's aim to understand the meaning ofalienation.
D. We should not Capply natural science methods to social scienceresearch

Which of the following best describes a confoundingvariable?
A. A variable that is made up only of categories.
B. *A variable that affects the outcome being measured as well as,or instead of, the independent variable.*
C. A variable that has been measured using an unreliablescale.
D. A variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

In experimentation, _____________means any member ofthe selected sample has an equal chance of being assigned to eachexperimental condition while _____________means any member of thepopulation has an equal chance of being selected as aparticipant.
A. *random assignment; random selection*
B. matching; counterbalancing
C. random selection; random assignment
D. counterbalancing; matching

A group of psychologists conducted an experiment toinvestigate whether moral messages could promote public healthbehaviours in relation to COVID-19. Participants read a Facebookpost urging people to stay at home, which was either accompanied bya “deontological” argument, telling people it was their duty toprotect their community; a “utilitarian” argument, asking people tothink of the negative consequences of not making these sacrificesnow; an appeal to virtue, reminding people that staying home iswhat a good person would do; or no moral argument. They thenindicated how likely they would be to adopt public health-relatedbehaviours like washing their hands after getting home or avoidingpublic gatherings. In this experiment, there is/are __________ with_______ .

A. two dependent variables; four levels

B. two dependent variables; two levels

C. one independent variable; two levels

D. *one independent variable; four levels*

Which method of manipulating the independent variablein an experiment commonly involves the use of confederates?
A. Varying the amount of the variable
B. Varying the type of variable
C. Manipulation by instruction
D. *Staged manipulation*

In an experimental research study, the primary goal isto isolate and identify the effect produced by the ____.
A. dependent variable
B. confounding variable
C. *extraneous variable*
D. independent variable

Which of the following describe methods ofmanipulating the independent variable in an experiment?
A. An independent variable is manipulated using the presence orabsence technique.
B. The researchers vary the amount of the independent variableadministered.
C. The researcher varies the type of the independentvariable.
D. *All of the above*

A researcher does a study examining the effects of apreschool program. He uses a non-equivalent comparison groupdesign. He finds that the cognitive growth of his experimentalgroup is greater than that of his control. Unfortunately, he laterfinds that in general children who live in the area where he drewhis experimental group tend to grow faster cognitively thanchildren who were from the area where he drew his control group.When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat to theinternal validity of his study?

A. History effect

B. Selection-instrumentation effect

C. Testing effect

D. *Selection-maturation effect*

Which of the following components of the researchprocess should be performed first?
A. Coming up with hypotheses
B. Conducting the experiment
C. *Identifying the problem*
D. Data analysis

Experimenter expectancies usually result inparticipants
A. behaving in a natural way.
B. behaving in a manner opposite of experimenterexpectations.
C. not understanding the directions of the experimenter
D. *behaving in a manner consistent with experimenterexpectations.
*

In double-blind experiments...
A. *neither the participants nor experimenters know who receivesthe real treatment*
B. test results are unacceptable
C. placebos are not used
D. only the experimentersV know who receives the realtreatment

The definition of a psychological construct such as‘altruism’ in such a way as to allow measurement of it is knownas…

A. *operational definition*

B. hypothesizing

C. Scale of measurement

D. conceptualization

In an experiment, every participant in one group meetssomeone playing the part of an “annoying” student and then answersquestions about their happiness in the university. The personplaying the “annoying” role in the study is called a _____.
A. cover story
B. *confederate*
C. participant
D. control variable

Which of these studies appears to have the mostexternal validity?
A. Observers at intersections recorded drivers engaged indistracting activities.
B. An anonymous online survey asked people to report others whotext and drive
C. *Experimenters recruited community members at a store who werewilling to text and drive.*
D. A survey of students asked about experiences with texting whiledriving.

In an effort to control _________, possibleinstructions given to participants as well as the recording oftheir responses can be automated for consistency

A. participant effects

B. sequencing effects

C. mortality

D. *experimenter effects*

Students who have been given extra credit will reportmore satisfaction with their course than students who have not beengiven extra credit.” This statement best represents a(n)

A. problem identification

B. extraneous variable

C. *hypothesis*

D. theory

A researcher does a study examining the effects of apreschool program. He uses a non-equivalent comparison groupdesign. He finds that the cognitive growth of his experimentalgroup is greater than that of his control. Unfortunately, he laterfinds that in general children who live in the area where he drewhis experimental group tend to grow faster cognitively thanchildren who were from the area where he drew his control group.When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat to theinternal validity of his study?
A. Selection-maturation effect
B. Testing effect
C. History effect
D. *Selection-instrumentation effect
*

Individuals who are sleep-deprived will differsignificantly in their reaction time compared to those individualswho are not sleep-deprived\". If this is the alternate hypothesis,which of the below statements would be the correct nullhypothesis?
A. Greater sleep deprivation leads to a decrease in reactiontime.
B. *Individuals who are sleep-deprived will not differ in theirreaction time from those individuals who are notsleep-deprived.*
C. Individuals who have more sleep will differ in their reactiontime from those individuals who are sleep-deprived.
D. Individuals who are not sleep-deprived will differ in theirreaction time from those individuals who are sleep deprived.

A researcher asks 40 pupils (from a school with 200pupils) to participate in an experiment on altruism. The 40 pupilsconstitute a:

A. *sample*

B. population

C. control group

D. variable

A researcher wants to investigate students'susceptibility to internet addiction. He believes that students'age and gender can determine their level of susceptibility tointernet addiction. What variable(s) will the researcher bemeasuring?

A. Susceptibility to internet addiction and age

B. Susceptibility to internet addiction

C. *Susceptibility to internet addiction andgender*

D. Age and gender

In an effort to control _________, possibleinstructions given to participants as well as the recording oftheir responses can be automated for consistency
A. mortality
B. sequencing effects
C. *experimenter effects*
D. participant effects

We review the relevant literature to know:
A. what is already known about a topic.
B. what concepts and theories have been applied to a topic.
C. who the key contributors to a topic are.
D. *all of the above*

Experimenter expectancies usually result inparticipants

A. *behaving in a manner consistent with experimenterexpectations.*

B. not understanding the directions of theexperimenter

C. behaving in a natural way.

D. behaving in a manner opposite of experimenterexpectations.

Which of the following research studies would youpossibly classify as violating the tenets of science and hence, notlegitimate in reaching a valid conclusion?
A. Comparing class test results after maintaining uniformity instudy conditions.
B. Observing child behaviour in response to punishment
C. *Promoting a health drink based on a parent's perception of highincrease.*
D. Identifying what type of personality leads to increased socialmedia usage.

Which of the following describe methods ofmanipulating the independent variable in an experiment?

A. An independent variable is manipulated using thepresence or absence technique.

B. The researchers vary the amount of the independentvariable administered.

C. The researcher varies the type of the independentvariable.

D. *All of the above*

In research terms, what is a sample?
A. All the volunteers who express an interest in the study
B. *A subset of the population who actually participate in aresearch study.*
C. A group of people to whom the conclusion of the study willapply
D. A group that contains fewer than 50 people or animals.

Participants in an experiment have some informationabout it and construct their own perceptions of it. This is calledthe __________ of the experiment.

A. *Demand characteristics*

B. Compensatory equalization

C. Confounding constructs

D. Positive self-presentation

Giving placebos in drug experiment is necessaryto
A. *control for the effects of suggestions and expectations.*
B. keep control subjects from knowing they have been given thedrug.
C. counteract the side effects of the drug.
D. counteract the random assignment of subjects.

Which of the following threats to internal validityarises when participants are selected for treatment because theyscore particularly high on a less than perfectly reliabletests?

A. History

B. Instrumentation

C. Statistical regression

D. *Testing*

In order to summarize or organize a series ofobservations in some meaningful way, psychologists maydevelop
A. surveys
B. experiments
C. *theories*
D. hypothesis

What is a research design?
A. The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. agraph.
B. *The choice of using qualitative or quantitative methods.*
C. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis ofdata.
D. A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory.

As part of an experiment on the effects of behaviourmodelling, raters are evaluating the prosocial behaviours in aseries of videotapes of a class of pre-schoolers. Initially, theraters were quite strict in their ratings, but after three hours ofrating, their criteria had changed. What type of threat to internalvalidity has occurred?

A. *Instrumentation*

B. Regression to the mean

C. Testing

D. History

A researcher wanted to examine the impact of classroomtechnology on the class attendance of male and female students.Students are randomly assigned to a class with either notechnology, moderate technology, or extensive technology. The studyshowed that, overall, class attendance was highest in the moderatetechnology group, followed by the extensive technology group, andlowest in the no technology group. Although male students generallyhad higher class attendance than female students, this sexdifference was found only in the extensive technology group. Whateffects do the findings of the study indicate?
A. Main effect of classroom technology only
B. Main effect of sex only
C. Main effects of both classroom technology and sex
D. *Main effects and interaction effect of both classroomtechnology and sex*

In a simple between-subjects experimental design, eachsubject is given ______ level of the independent variable; in awithin-subjects design each subject is given ______ level of theindependent variable.
A. one; one
B. *one; each*
C. each; one
D. each; each

Which of the following fictional results is not anexample of an interaction effect?

A. The level of humidity greatly affects people’scomfort levels in the summer heat, but in the winter cold humiditylevels make much less of a difference on comfort levels.

B. *People who attend church regularly donate moremoney to charity than nonchurch goers unless they are poor, inwhich case church attendance makes no difference*

C. Children who watch violent TV shows are moreaggressive than children who do not watch violent TV shows,although all children watch the same amount of TV.

D. With normally active children, the stimulatingeffect of amphetamines increases as the dosage increases, but withhyperactive children the greater the dose of amphetamines, thecalmer the children

The between- and within-participant designs aredistinguished on the basis of
A. *whether the various treatment conditions use different or thesame participants.*
B. the type of dependent variables that can be used.
C. whether they can test for the effect of interaction
D. the number of independent variables they can test.

Which of the following is similar to apretest-posttest design, but with more dependent variablemeasures?

A. ex post facto design

B. *pretest posttest non-equivalent control groupdesign*

C. interrupted time series design

D. regression-discontinuity design

All of these are examples of scientific misconductexcept
A. plagiarism.
B. fabricating data.
C. falsifying data.
D. *using deception in a research study.*

In an experiment examining the impact of noise onmemory, participants were asked to recall a list of words in anoisy room and then were asked to recall a list of words in a quietroom. This is an example of a(an) ________________ design.
A. counterbalanced square
B. between-participants
C. *within-participants*
D. solomon four-group

How does the posttest-only design with non-equivalentgroups rectify the disadvantages presented by the one-groupposttest-only and the one-group pretest-posttest design?
A. By assessing knowledge, attitude, and behaviour
B. By adding a pretest to measure the dependent variable
C. By including experimental manipulation followed bymeasurement
D. *By including a control*

Which of the following is not one of the keycharacteristics of a true experiment?

A. The manipulation of a variable.

B. *All participants experience all experimentalconditions.*

C. Holding everything constant apart from the variablebeing manipulated.

D. The measurement of changes caused by themanipulation of a variable

Which of the following is not a problem associatedwith between-subjects design?
A. Subject attrition
B. *Carry-over effect*
C. Unequal treatment groups prior to the introduction of theindependent variable
D. The between-subjects design is a conservative design

The between- and within-participant designs aredistinguished on the basis of

A. the type of dependent variables that can beused.

B. the number of independent variables they cantest.

C. *whether the various treatment conditions usedifferent or the same participants.*
D. whether they can test for the effect of interaction

Quasi-experimental designs have:
A. An IV and a DV
B. Non-random allocation of participants to conditions
C. No IV or DV
D.* a and b above*

A researcher is examining the effect of drinkingalcohol on the ability to play darts. Half of the participantsdrink a pint of beer, while the other half drink a pint of water.All participants throw three darts at a dartboard and have thescore recorded. How is this experiment best summarized?

A. Between-groups design: independent variable is theamount of alcohol drunk; dependent variable is the three dartscore.

B. Between-groups design: independent variable is thethree dart score; dependent variable is the amount of alcoholdrunk.

C. Within-groups design: independent variable is thethree dart score; dependent variable is the amount of alcoholdrunk.

D. *Within-groups design:independent variable is theamount of alcohol drunk; dependent variable is the three dartscore.*