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As mentioned previously evolutionary changes can be observed by comparing amino acid sequences of a protein that is common between the species of interest Point mutations as well as frame shift mutations may occur in the DNA which in tum affect the amino acid sequence of proteins To determine these changes specific regions of a protein may be examined and the amino acid sequence is aligned so that there are as few differences as possible between the species In some cases spaces are added to account for insertions or deletions to ensure proper alignment In this activity we will look at two regions Sequence 1 and Sequence 2 of the Cytochrome C Cytochrome C is a mitochondrial protein that is essential for aerobic respiration Therefore it is expected that the gene coding for this protein should be highly conserved Directions Determine the number of variants between each pair of species and record in the column of changes between species Using the data create a tree to denote the evolutionary relationship between the five species Remember there is neither a right nor wrong tree Sequence Cytochrome C amino acid sequence 14 21 Species 1 Macaca mulatta 2 Thunnus alalunga Candida krusei Amino acid sequence CSQCHT VE CAQCHTVE 1 3 5 CAECHET 1 4 2 3 4 Triticum aestivum 5 Helianthus annuus Draw the tree below CAQCH TV D 1 5 CAQCHTVE 2 3 Thunnus abrunga of changes between species 1 2 2 4 2 5 0 3 4 4 macaca Helianthus annus triticum aestivum Candida Krusei 3 5 4 5 Note H basic D E acidic C Q S T polar A V I hydrophobic outgroup 1 Based on the results of the amino acid sequences was the phylogenetic relationship of the species clearly evident Explain Yes it was evident because you were See which species were closes to each other 2 Based on your tree which species would be considered the basal taxon outgroup Candida Krusei is the basal taxon 3 In the sequence three of the amino acid positions interact with the heme group of cytochrom C which is critical to the function of the protein What are the likely positions Explain why

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