After the test results came back, Dr. T tells Y that the kidneyanomaly in her fetus is likely the result of a congential defect inone kidney. However, he orders consultations with pediatriccardiologists and nephrologists to make sure there are not anyother issues related to this defect. Consensus is that the fullextent of the issue is not knowable until after the baby girl isborn. Y's water breaks at week 35 of her pregnancy. Her daughter,A, is born at 2925 grams and 47 centimeters, with a normal Apgarscore. Baby A is given urinary and renal ultrasounds, and givendaily antibiotics as prophylaxis to reduce the chance of kidney andurinary tract infections. After a few weeks, Drs. Note that baby Alikely have ureterocele. This is when the distal end of the ureterballoons into the bladder and forms a second, fluid-filledstructure within the bladder itself. If not treated, it can causeUTIs, obstruction, or in severe cases, renal failure. To treat,Drs. Recommend a transuretral puncture. Baby A undergoes toprocedure at 3 months old, but has complications resulting inkidney reflux, where some of the urine goes backwards up the uretertoward the kidney rather than into the bladder. At 3 years of age,A will need to undergo another surgery for her left (affected)kidney, to stop the kidney reflux. This surgery has a 98% successrate. Y underwent sucessful cervical conization surgery after herpregnancy.

7. What is an Apgar score? What is the scale for the score, andwhat information does it provide to medical professionals?

8. Describe the anatomy of the urinary tract from the kidney tothe urethra.

9. How common is development of ureterocele? What is the generallong-term outcome for surgical treatment to repair one?

10. How common is development of kidney reflux? What are somecauses of this issue?

Paragraph explanation for each please!