a Describe different type of forms of substructure commonly used for commercial and industrial civil engineering...

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Civil Engineering

a Describe different type of forms of substructure commonly usedfor commercial and industrial civil engineering project. You mustexplain the use of piling or rafts (sheet, contiguous and secant)foundation and deep drainage techniques for use with service ductsin this foundation project.
b Describe how drainage is integrated into substructures.
c Describe howutilities are integrated into the substructures. This shouldinclude deep reinforced concrete culverts and plant rooms, serviceducting, cable trenching and service ducts. This should build onthe evidence for Task a and Task b.
d explain the hazardsand risks associated with substructure activities. This shouldbuild on the evidence for Taska, b and c for this project.

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4.2 Ratings (607 Votes)

1Shallow foundationsShallow foundations are used when the soil has sufficientstrength within a short depth below the ground level They needsufficient plan area to transfer the heavy loads to the base soilShallow foundation are usually loaded no more than 6ft below thelowest finised doorIsolated FootingIsolated footing under individual columns these can be squarerectangular or circularWall Footing Wall footing is a continuousslab strip along the length of wallCombined Footing Combined footing support twoor more columns These can be rectangular or trapezoidal planStrap Footing Strap footing are similar tocombined footing when two isolated footing are combined by a beamwith a view to sharing loads of both the column by the footing isknown as strap footing and beam is called as strap beamMat Raft Footing This is a largecontinous footing supporting all the columns of the structure Thisis used when soil conditions are poor but piles are not used2 Deep Foundation The shallow foundationneed more plan area and shallow foundation may not be economical oreven possible when the soil bearing capacity near the surface istoo low In those cases deep foundation are used to transfer loadsto a stronger layer of rock strataBasement foundationThese are hollow substructures designed to provide working orstorage space below ground level The structural design is governedby their functional requirements rather than from considerations ofthe most efficient method of resisting external earth andhydrostatic pressures They are constructed in place in openexcavationsBuoyancy Rafts Hollow Box FoundationsBuoyancy rafts are hollow substructures designed to provide abuoyant or semibuoyant substructure beneath which the net See Answer

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