A) cAMP and CREB- how phosphorylation can regulate gene transcription? B) Purpose of second messengers and what...

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Biology

A)cAMP and CREB- how phosphorylation can regulate gene transcription?

B) Purpose of second messengers and what molecules are used assecond messengers?

C) Describe G proteins structure, how are they activated, howthey transduce the signal

D) Describe Tryosine Kinase Receptors structure, how they areactivated, how they transduce the signal.

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A CREB is also known as the cAMPresponse elementbinding protein which plays a key role as a cellular transcription factor It binds to CRE cAMP response elements present in DNA and results in regulation of gene expression CREB family members are believed to be important for learning and memory and contribute to neuronal adaptation to drugs of abuse and hormonal control of metabolic processes including regulation of gluconeogenesis by hormones glucagon and insulin For instance in case of CREB1 it activates transcription of the target genes in response to a diverse array of stimuli including peptide hormones growth factors and neuronal activity CREB1 is critical for a variety of cellular processes including proliferation differentiation and adaptive responses In case of CREB phosphorylation and induced signaling a signal stimulus arrives at the cell surface activates the corresponding G protein coupled receptor which leads to the production of a second messenger such as cAMP or Ca2 This in turn activates a protein kinase which translocates to the cell nucleus to activate a CREB protein The activated CREB protein then binds to a CRE region and is then bound to by CBP CREBbinding protein resulting in coactivation This is the key mechanism by which CREB phosphorylation induced by cAMP results in regulating gene expression by allowing it to switch certain genes on or off B Secondary messenger are a critical part of cellular signaling process in which proteins of different kind are activated through generation of diffusible signaling molecules to participate in cellular processes Second messengers are produced catalytically in response to the extracellular signals primary messengers and See Answer

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