A 4 cylinder 4 stroke 2.3 L diesel engine with bore = 12.4 cmand stroke =11 cm. the crank radius is 6.2 cm and with a connectingrod length 15 cm. the compression ratio of the engine is 20 and thecombustion efficiency is 97.3 %. If the average speed of the carover the running life of the engine is 56 km/h and the totaltraveled distance of the engine is 250000 km.note: use the engine speed as 2300 rpm wheneverneeded, mechanical efficiency is 73 %, indicated work produced fromeach cycle each cylinder is 1400J, and assume that the injectionstarted 10 degrees bTDC and ends at 25 crank angle degree aTDC.

Determine:

1. The volume of the BDC.
2. The amount of the fuel that didn’t burned in the combustionchamber .
3. The rate of the air flow to the engine if the volumetricefficiency is 70 %.
4. The number of the exhaust strokes that have been happenedduring the engine life in one cylinder.
5. Indicated mean effective pressure.
6. The torque produced from the engine.
7. The time duration for the injection process.
8. The position of the piston at the end of the injectionperiod.
9. The volume of the combustion chamber at the moment of theinjection process.
10. If the mass floe rate of the fuel used if A/F is 19.3kgair/kgfuel.
11. The specific power of the engine.
12. Based on the dimensions of the bore and the stroke, is thisengine square engine or over or under square one?