84. ________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while________ was the first person to see bacteria.

a. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook

b. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch

c. Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

d. Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

85. Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking________ which Eukarya contain, such as golgi.

a. membranes

b. nuclei

c. membrane-enclosed organelles

d. nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles

86. A bacterial species has a generation time of 20 minutes andis growing exponentially. If there are 10 cells initially how manycells are there after 80 minutes?

a. 30

b. 80

c. 160

d. 200

e. none of the above

87. The growth of almost all bacteria in the environment

a. is limited by cool temperatures

b. is limited by high pH

c. is limited by the availability of one or more nutrients

d. is unlimited because bacteria are metabolically versatile

88. According to Koch’s postulates a microorganism thought tocause a disease in one species of animal.

a. must be seen in samples of blood using a microscope

b. must be isolated in pure culture and then used to cause thesame disease in healthy animals

c. must never be found in healthy individuals

d. answers (b) and (c) are correct

89. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek developed and used

a. the first compound microscope

b. the first vaccine to prevent an infectious disease

c. a microscope with a single lens

d. pasteurization to prevent the spoilage of food

90. Gram positive bacteria

a. have a thick cell wall, which retains the crystal violet dyewhen cells are Gram stained

b. contain teichoic acid in their cell walls

c. appear purple when Gram stained

d. all the above e. none of the above

91. The cell envelope of Gram negative bacteria

a. includes a thick cell wall

b. includes both an inner and outer membrane

c. includes a peptidoglycan layer

d. always includes a capsule made of polysaccharides

e. answers (b) and (c) are correct

92. The cell membrane of bacteria

a. is semi-permeable

b. is usually a lipid bilayer

c. prevents cell lysis due to high intracellular osmoticpressure

d. answers (a) and (b) are correct

e. answers (a) and (c) are correct

93. Regarding early life on Earth,

a. microbial life existed for hundreds of millions of yearsbefore plant and animal life

b. microbial life existed long before animals but has beenaround for about the same amount of time as plants

c. microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared atabout the same time

d. it is impossible to determine which type of life firstappeared.

94. The structure that confers structural strength on bacterialcells is known as the

a. cytoplasmic membrane

b. cell wall

c. ribosome

d. cytoplasm

95. Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking______________

a. membranes

b. nuclei

c. membrane-enclosed organelles

d. nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles

96. When a bacterial culture contains only one type of organism,it is called a ______________.

a. mixed culture

b. liquid culture

c. environmental culture

d. pure culture

97. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

a. have the same kinds of metabolic pathways, but little else incommon

b. have nothing in common

c. have many things in common because they share a commonancestor

d. are identical to each other

98. Which of the following statements is true?

a. peptidoglycan is comprised of cross-linked fatty acids

b. the cell walls of most bacteria are composed ofpeptidoglycan

c. Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thick layer ofpeptidoglycan

d. peptidoglycan is found mainly in the cell walls of fungi,algae and plants

e. answers (a) and (b) are both correct

99. The cell membrane of bacteria

a. is semi-permeable.

b. is usually a lipid bilayer

c. prevents cell lysis due to high intracellular osmoticpressure

d. answers (a) and (b) are correct

e. answers (a) and (c) are correct

100. A bacterial species has a generation time of 15 minutes andis growing exponentially. If there are 2 cells initially how manycells are there after 90 minutes?

a. 256

b. 128

c. 64

d. 32

e. none of the above

101. Most bacterial cells reproduce by

a. the budding of daughter cells from a mother cell

b. forming spores that later germinate

c. binary fission

d. production of gametes and sexual reproduction  

102. Which of these are routinely used to obtain a pure cultureof bacteria?

a. swan necked flasks

b. agar streak plates

c. dilution plates

d. microscopes

103. The cells of all species of Bacteria and Archaea are verysmall, and:

a. must be stained before they can be seen using lightmicroscopy

b. can only be seen using electron microscopy

c. can only be seen if they are first Gram stained

d. none of the above

104. Prokaryotes evolved early on in the history of theEarth:

a. so their physiology has little in common with Eukaryotes

b. so many aspects of their physiology also occur in Eukaryotes,which evolved much later in in the history of the Earth

c. and Eukaryotes evolved independently at a much later time inthe history of the Earth

d. at about the same time that Eukaryotes first appeared onEarth