5. Describe the role of biofilms in the establishment of infections. How do biofilms protect pathogens...

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Biology

5. Describe the role of biofilms in the establishment ofinfections. How do biofilms protect pathogens from the immunesystem or chemical or drug treatment?
7. Briefly describe the role that extracellular enzymes can playin the pathogenesis of microbes? Give an example.
8. Describe antigenic variation. Explain how pathogens likeTrpanosoma and Plasmodium use antigenic variation to avoid the hostimmune system.
9. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that we receivean influenza vaccine each year. Why doesnâ€™t the influenza vaccineprovide long term protection?

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5 Mechanisms of antibiotics and biocides resistance of biofilms are categorized into four classes which include a active molecule inactivation directly b altering bodys sensitivity to target of action c reduction of the drug concentration before reaching to the target site and d efflux systems Figure 3 Biofilm antibiotic resistance level may vary among different settings and the key factors responsible for this resistance may also differ Regarding resistance the primary evidence shows that conventional mechanisms are unable to explain the high resistance to antibacterial agents associated with biofilms although this evidence cannot be ignored in resistance in the growth of adherent cells So it is suggested that the resistance posed by the adhered bacteria or biofilms may have some intrinsic mechanisms and are responsible for conventional antibiotic resistance Several mechanisms have been explored that are considered to be key factors in high resistance nature of biofilms These mechanisms are a limited diffusion b enzyme causing neutralization c heterogeneous functions d slow growth rate e presence of persistent nondividing cells and f biofilm phenotype such adaptive mechanisms eg efflux pump and membrane alteration Low Penetration of Antibiotics Diffusion of antibiotics can take place through the matrix of the biofilm See Answer

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