3.   If you were testing arelationship between gender, income, and race, which of thefollowing variables would most likely to be the dependentvariable:

     a. income

     b. gender

     c. race

     d. b and c

4. Women should be given access tohigher education is a (an)

     a. proposition

     b. theory

     c. statement of a relationship

     d. value judgment

     e. none of the above

5.   Which of the following are variables?

     a. female, Jewish, high schooldegree

     b. plumber, professor, dentist

     c. occupation, political partypreference, birthrate

     d. violent, middle class, 9millimeter

     e. none of the above

6.   Spurious is an term used to show that

     a. X causes Y

     b. Y cause X

     c. X and Y have reciprocalcausation

     d. Y does not cause X and X does notcause Y

     e. none of the above

7.   If we can establishthat variable X comes before variable Y in time, then we cansay

     a. variable X is a cause of variableY

     b. variable X is not a cause ofvariable Y

     c. variable Y is a cause of variableX

     d. variable Y is not a cause ofvariable X

     e. variable Y may cause variable X

8.   The 55 mph speed limitwas introduced in the U.S. in 1973. Shortly thereafter the numberof auto accidents declined. We can conclude that

     a. the reduced speed limit caused thedecline in auto            accidents.

          b. thereduced speed limit may have caused the decline in the number ofauto accidents.

         c.   the reduced speed limit and the number of auto    accidents are causally related

     d.   the reduced speed limithad nothing to do with the            decline in auto accidents.

     e. the number of accidents caused thespeed limit to be          reduced.

9.   For a causal relationship to exist there must beevidence

     a.   of an empiricalcorrelation between the variables

     b.   that one variableprecedes the other

         c.   that missing variables are not responsible forchanges observed in the dependent variable

     d.   all of the above

     e.   a and b only