3. Determine the effective spring constant of the followingsandwiches of materials under compressive load (determine thematerial spring constant only). The material sandwiches are beingheld in place by a ½-13 UNC bolt, nut, and flat washers on bothsides. The first and third materials listed in each sandwich are0.4†thick and the middle material is 0.04†thick, together makinga 0.84†thick sandwich
a. Aluminum, copper-asbestos, steel
b. Steel, copper, steel
c. Steel, rubber, steel
d. Steel, rubber, aluminum
e. Steel, aluminum, steel
