21. What is the ecological significance of the glomeromycetes(Glomeromycota)?

22. What are arbuscules?

23. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships between fungi and_________________________________________________________________.

24. What does each partner get from their mycorrhizalassociation (how does each partner benefit)? Explain.

25. The ascomycetes (Ascomycota) are commonly called the sacfungi. They produce reproductive structures called________________________ that contain sexual spores called___________________________________. The reproductive structuresand their spores are housed within the cup-like structure known asan___________________________________.

26. List some examples of pathogenic (disease-causing)ascomycetes:

27. List some examples of useful ascomycetes:

28. After going through meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei,the ascomycete nuclei divide by _______________________________ toproduce eight haploid ascospores.

29. The familiar fungi known as mushrooms belong to the group offungi known as _____________________________________ (phylum =_____________________________).

30. The structures that produce spores within mushrooms arecalled _____________________. The mushroom structure itself iscalled a ______________________________.

31. List some beneficial aspects of the basidiomycetes:

32. List some harmful basidiomycetes:

33. What are “gills” in the mushroom group?

34. What is a lichen? Explain, in some detail.

35. How does each partner benefit in a lichen? Explain.

36. What is the ecological significance of lichens?

37. There are some plants that require mycorrhizal associations.List some types of plants or plant environments that requiremycorrhizal associations for the healthy growth of the plant. Knowsome common examples of fungi and which group they belong to. Forexample, mushrooms; yeast (including those in bread/beer and inyeast infections); bread mold; Penecilium; puffballs, chytrids;truffles; ring worm/athlete’s foot; Aspergillus.

38. How are blue stain fungus, pine trees, and bark beetlesconnected? Explain.

39. How are fungi, bats, and white nose syndrome connected?Explain.

40. What are entomopathic fungi? Explain.