21. Compare and contrast the way mood disorders are expressed in child/adolescents and elderly adults. How...

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Psychology

21. Compare and contrast the way mood disorders are expressed inchild/adolescents and elderly adults. How might these differencesbe explained from a biological perspective? From a socialperspective?

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Childhood and adolescence isthe core risk phase for the development of symptoms and syndromesof anxiety that may range from transient mild symptoms tofullblown anxiety disordersChallenges from a researchperspective include its reliable and clinically valid assessment todetermine its prevalence and patterns of incidence and thelongitudinal characterization of its natural course to betterunderstand what characteristics are solid predictors for moremalignant courses as well as which are likely to be associated withbenign patterns of course and outcome This type of information isparticularly needed from a clinical perspective to inform aboutimproved early recognition and differential diagnosis as well aspreventions and treatment in this age spanAnxiety refers tothe brain response to danger stimuli that an organism willactively attempt to avoid This brain response is a basic emotionalready present in infancy and childhood with expressions fallingon a continuum from mild to severe Anxiety is not typicallypathological as it is adaptive in many scenarios when itfacilitates avoidance of danger Strong crossspeciesparallelsboth in organisms responses to danger and in theunderlying brain circuitry engaged by threatslikely reflect theseadaptive aspects of anxietyOne frequent and establishedconceptualization is that anxiety becomes maladaptive when itinterferes with functioning for example when associated withavoidance behavior most likely to occur when anxiety becomesoverly frequent severe and persistentThus pathological anxietyat any age can be characterized by persisting or extensive degreesof anxiety and avoidance associated with subjective distress orimpairment The differentiation between normal and pathologicalanxiety however can be particularly difficult in children becausechildren manifest many fears and anxieties as part of typicaldevelopment Table 1 Although these phenomena might See Answer

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