2. Review Recent molecular biology advance in tumor diagnosis and treatment ( more than 2000 words)

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Biology

2. Review Recent molecular biology advance in tumor diagnosisand treatment ( more than 2000 words)

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Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body due to the accumulation of defects or mutations in their DNA These cells are termed cancer cells malignant cells or tumor cells Most of the time cells are able to detect and repair DNA damage If a cell is severely damaged and cannot repair itself it usually undergoes programmed cell death Cancer occurs when damaged cells grow divide and spread abnormally instead of selfdestructing as they should Causative agents are as follows chemical or toxic compound exposures ionizing radiation some pathogens and human genetics There are over 200 types of cancer such as Bladder Breast Colorectal Cancer Endometrial Kidney Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis Cancer Leukemia All Types Lung Including Bronchus Melanoma NonHodgkin Lymphoma Pancreatic Prostate Thyroid Most common cancers genderwise are Prostate lung and colorectal which occurs in men whereas in women breast lung and colorectal cancers are common Children are mostly diagnosed with leukemia brain tumors and lymphoma Metastasis helps determine the staging and treatment of cancers Metastasis is the process whereby cancer cells break free from a malignant tumor and travel to and invade other tissues in the body Cancer cells metastasize to other sites via the lymphatic system and the bloodstream Cancer cells from the originalor primarytumor can travel to other sites such as the lungs bones liver brain and other areas These metastatic tumors are secondary cancers because they arise from the primary tumor Bladder cancer that metastasizes to the liver is not liver cancer It is called metastatic bladder cancer There are many tests to screen and presumptively diagnose cancer The diagnosis of cancer typically begins with the detection of symptoms that may be related to the disease Symptoms associated with cancer vary such as unusual bleeding persistent cough changes in bowel or bladder habits a persistent lump a sore that does not heal indigestion or trouble swallowing and a change in the appearance of a mole or wart A physical and medical history especially the history of symptoms are the first steps in diagnosing cancer Most of cancers will be determined by the type of cancer and where it is suspected to be located in or on the persons body Complete blood count electrolyte levels and in some cases other blood studies may give additional information Imaging studies are commonly used to help physicians detect abnormalities in the body that may be cancer Xrays CT and MRI scans and ultrasound are common tools used Other tests such as endoscopy which with variations in the equipment used can allow See Answer

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