2. Conduct a sensitivity analysis, decreasing sales 2%, 5%, and 10% for April through August. New sales levels are provided in Exhibit 2. Adjust the financing and cash needs at these new sales levels.

3. Determine a credit recommendation for Kent Bank, to lend or not. Be prepared to justify your credit decision.

4. Explain why the cash budget is more important to a bank than the accounting net income when determining a credit decision.

5. Explain why decreases in sales are examined in a sensitivity analysis for a credit decision.

Cash Is King: Master Budgets to Inform a Credit Decision Anne M.A. Sergeant, CMA, PhD Seidman College of Business Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids, MI Neal VandenBerg, CPA, PhD Seidman College of Business Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids, MI INTRODUCTION As Buford began the work, he recalled his last LOC analysis and how well received it was. He had taken the information provided by the company and developed master budgets in Excel that used an input section with numbers that could be changed for assessing different scenarios. The committee had specifically asked about the effect of a sales reduction of 2%, 5%, and 10% on the applicant's cash needs. He wanted to be prepared for these types of questions. LITTLE ANNIN FLAGMAKERS BACKGROUND Early one morning in March, Jordan Buford was preparing his daily work when his boss, Olivia Anton, approached him and announced, Little Annin Flagmakers (LAF) has submitted an application for a line of credit (LOC) for April through June. I want you to prepare budgeted financial statements similar to the ones you prepared for our last LOG applicant. I need this by 3 p.m. today for the 4 p.m. credit committee meeting. Be prepared to make a loan recommendation and to address questions from the credit committee. I have cleared your schedule. Let me know if you need anything." Kent Bank is a state bank with multiple branches that offers a variety of services for personal and commercial needs. The bank has been serving the local community for more than 110 years and prides itself on its personalized approach to provide financial services, local management, long-term stability, and a full range of deposit and lending products and LAF manufactures one product, a large durable 8' x 12? American flag, which it sells for US$120. Because of the large size of the flag, this product is not sold in stores; rather it is sold through a relatively small number of online retailers. Each quarter, retailers estimate sales for the upcoming five months, revising proximate sales as necessary. In general, the retailers are reasonably good at estimating their sales needs, but some variation in demand does occur, and the stability, and a full range of deposit and lending products and services. Commercial credit decisions at Kent Bank are made by the Commercial Credit Committee, which consists of the senior commercial credit analyst and two vice presidents. Buford was recently hired by Kent Bank as a commercial credit analyst to provide analysis for commercial loan applications. During his undergraduate studies, he studied accounting and finance, and shortly after graduation passed the CMA (Certified Management Accountant) examination. Buford reports directly to Anton, the senior commercial credit analyst who has been with Kent Bank for needs, but some variation in demand does occur, and the retailers expect to be able to adjust orders as needed. LAF allows retailers to adjust each month's purchases to 80% to 120% of the estimated sales levels. Flags are shipped to retail customers using JIT distribution so that the online retailers do not have to store inventory. Typical sales for the flag are 1,800 units per month with seasonal increases in April through August. Sales estimates are 2,500 units in April, 6,000 units in May, 3,000 units in June, 2,500 units in July, and 2,000 units in August. Customers historically have paid 40% of their purchases in the month of the sale, 55% in the following month, and the remaining 5% is uncollectible. 10 years. IMA EDUCATIONAL CASE JOURNAL 1 VOL. 11, NO. 4, ART. 4, DECEMBER 2018 2018 IMA MANUFACTURING AND SG&A COSTS LOAN DETAILS The flags are made in one plant, which has a capacity of 6,200 units per month. LAF budgets have 20% of next month's sales in finished goods inventory at the end of each month. There is plenty of storage space for finished goods. Fabric is the only direct material and each flag requires five pounds of fabric at US$7 per pound. LAF plans to have 40% of next month's fabric needs on hand at the end of the month. Fabric is purchased on credit with 40% paid in the month of purchase and 60% paid the next month. LAF has requested a line of credit of US$60,000 to cover production costs during the seasonal increase in business. Kent Bank uses the following terms on its lines of credit. All borrowing is done at the beginning of the month in whole dollar increments. All repayments are made at the end of the month in whole dollar increments. The full line of credit is expected to be paid off by the end of the quarter with all the interest repaid at the end of the quarter. The interest rate on this loan is 16% per year. this loan is 16% per year. REQUIRED in the month of purchase and 60% paid the next month. The standard direct labor hours to manufacture one flag is 0.50 hours at US$40 per hour. For simplicity, direct labor costs are budgeted as if they were paid when incurred. Manufacturing overhead rates are computed quarterly and applied based on direct labor hours. Fixed manufacturing overhead costs are estimated to be US$57,950 per month, of which US$20,000 is property, plant, and equipment (PPE) depreciation. Variable manufacturing overhead, including indirect materials, indirect labor, and other costs, is estimated at US$10 per direct labor hour. The selling and administrative expenses include variable selling costs (primarily shipping) of US$1.25 per unit and fixed costs of US$63,000 per month, of which US$10,000 is depreciation of the administrative office building and equipment. 1. Using the data input provided (Exhibit 1), prepare LAF's master budgets in Excel. Do not hard-code numbers into the spreadsheet, except in the financing section of the cash budget. 2. Conduct a sensitivity analysis, decreasing sales 2%, 5%, and 10% for April through August. New sales levels are provided in Exhibit 2. Adjust the financing and cash needs at these new sales levels. 3. Determine a credit recommendation for Kent Bank, to lend or not. Be prepared to justify your credit decision. Explain why the cash budget is more important to a bank than the accounting net income when determining a credit decision. 5. Explain why decreases in sales is examined in a sensitivity analysis for a credit decision. FINANCIAL STATEMENT DETAILS AND CASH PLANNING LAF uses first in, first out (FIFO) inventory valuation. As of March 31, the expected finished goods inventory is 410 units, valued at US$75 per unit. The company expects to have 4,600 pounds of fabric on hand, valued at US$7 per pound. Other expected account balances include accounts payable at US$55,000, accounts receivable at 132,000, cash at US$37,745, land at US$520,000, and building and equipment at US$1,800,000 with accumulated depreciation of US$750,000. LAF has no long-term debt; common stock is valued at US$500,000 and is not expected to change during the quarter; ABOUT IMA (INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANTS) IMA, the association of accountants and financial professionals in business, is one of the largest and most respected associations focused exclusively on advancing the management accounting profession. Globally, IMA supports the profession through research, the CMA (Certified Management Accountant) program, continuing education, networking and advocacy of the highest ethical business LC1247 0 sensitivity analysis for a credit decision. LAF uses first in, first out (FIFO) inventory valuation. As of March 31, the expected finished goods inventory is 410 units, valued at US$75 per unit. The company expects to have 4,600 pounds of fabric on hand, valued at US$7 per pound. Other expected account balances include accounts payable at US$55,000, accounts receivable at 132,000, cash at US$37,745, land at US$520,000, and building and equipment at US$1,800,000 with accumulated depreciation of US$750,000. LAF has no long-term debt; common stock is valued at US$500,000 and is not expected to change during the quarter; expected retained earnings as of March 31 are US$1,247,695. LAF budgets for US$30,000 ending cash balance each month and is requesting a line of credit that will allow it to adjust for its cash needs. The dividends of US$15,000 are paid each month. During the quarter, LAF planned to purchase equipment in May and June for US$47,820 and US$154,600, respectively. This equipment is being purchased to increase capacity and is not expected to come on line until after the quarter, thus not affecting the manufacturing overhead costs. ABOUT IMA (INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANTS) IMA, the association of accountants and financial professionals in business, is one of the largest and most respected associations focused exclusively on advancing the management accounting profession. Globally, IMA supports the profession through research, the CMA (Certified Management Accountant) program, continuing education, networking and advocacy of the highest ethical business practices. IMA has a global network of more than 100,000 members in 140 countries and 300 professional and student chapters. Headquartered in Montvale, N.J., USA, IMA provides localized services through its four global regions: The Americas, Asia/Pacific, Europe, and Middle East/India. For more information about IMA, please visit www.imanet.org. IMA EDUCATIONAL CASE JOURNAL 2 VOL. 11, NO. 4, ART. 4, DECEMBER 2018 Exhibit 1. Excel Data Input Section B B A Input Data (US$) 30 2 31 A Selling & Administrative (S&A) Costs Variable S&A cost per unit sold Fixed S&A cost per month Depreciation in fixed S&A cost US$1.25 3 32 US$63,000 4 33 US$10,000 5 34 Budgeted Sales April (units) May (units) June (units) July (units) August (units) Expected 2,500 6,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 6 35 7 36 Other Cash Outflows Cash dividends paid each month Equipment purchases May Equipment purchases June 8 37 US$15,000 US$47,820 US$154,600 9 38 10 Selling price/unit US$120.00 39 11 40 12 41 Desired Ending Inventory Finished goods Raw materials Cash 13 40% Cash Collection Pattern Month of sale Following month Uncollectible 42 20% 40% US$30,000 14 43 55% 5% 15 44 16 45 17 46 18 Cash Payments for Materials Month of purchase Following month 40% 47 19 60% 48 20 49 Beginning Account Balances on March 31 Cash Accounts receivable Finished goods inventory (at US$75/unit) Finished goods cost per unit Finished goods inventory (units) Raw materials (at US$7.00/1b.) Raw materials (Ib.) Accounts payable US$37,745 US$132,000 US$30,750 US$75.00 410 US$32,200 4,600 US$55,000 21 50 22 5 51 23 52 24 US$7.00 0.5 US$40.00 53 Production Requirements Raw material per unit (16.) Raw material cost per lb. Direct labor hours per unit Direct labor rate per hour Variable manufacturing overhead rate per direct labor hour Fixed manufacturing overhead cost per month Depreciation in Fixed manufacturing overhead 25 54 26 US$10 55 56 27 57 US$57,950 US$20,000 Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Common stock Retained earnings US$520,000 US$1,800,000 (US$750,000) US$500,000 US$1,247,695 28 58 29 59 Exhibit 2. Sales at Different Levels 10% Budgeted Sales April (units) May (units) June (units) July (units) August (units) Expected 2,500 6,000 3,000 2% 2,450 5,880 Decreased by 5% 2,375 5,700 2,850 2,250 5,400 2,700 2,940 2,450 2,375 2,250 2,500 2,000 1,960 1,900 1,800 IMA EDUCATIONAL CASE JOURNAL 3 VOL. 11, NO. 4, ART. 4, DECEMBER 2018 Cash Is King: Master Budgets to Inform a Credit Decision Anne M.A. Sergeant, CMA, PhD Seidman College of Business Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids, MI Neal VandenBerg, CPA, PhD Seidman College of Business Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids, MI INTRODUCTION As Buford began the work, he recalled his last LOC analysis and how well received it was. He had taken the information provided by the company and developed master budgets in Excel that used an input section with numbers that could be changed for assessing different scenarios. The committee had specifically asked about the effect of a sales reduction of 2%, 5%, and 10% on the applicant's cash needs. He wanted to be prepared for these types of questions. LITTLE ANNIN FLAGMAKERS BACKGROUND Early one morning in March, Jordan Buford was preparing his daily work when his boss, Olivia Anton, approached him and announced, Little Annin Flagmakers (LAF) has submitted an application for a line of credit (LOC) for April through June. I want you to prepare budgeted financial statements similar to the ones you prepared for our last LOG applicant. I need this by 3 p.m. today for the 4 p.m. credit committee meeting. Be prepared to make a loan recommendation and to address questions from the credit committee. I have cleared your schedule. Let me know if you need anything." Kent Bank is a state bank with multiple branches that offers a variety of services for personal and commercial needs. The bank has been serving the local community for more than 110 years and prides itself on its personalized approach to provide financial services, local management, long-term stability, and a full range of deposit and lending products and LAF manufactures one product, a large durable 8' x 12? American flag, which it sells for US$120. Because of the large size of the flag, this product is not sold in stores; rather it is sold through a relatively small number of online retailers. Each quarter, retailers estimate sales for the upcoming five months, revising proximate sales as necessary. In general, the retailers are reasonably good at estimating their sales needs, but some variation in demand does occur, and the stability, and a full range of deposit and lending products and services. Commercial credit decisions at Kent Bank are made by the Commercial Credit Committee, which consists of the senior commercial credit analyst and two vice presidents. Buford was recently hired by Kent Bank as a commercial credit analyst to provide analysis for commercial loan applications. During his undergraduate studies, he studied accounting and finance, and shortly after graduation passed the CMA (Certified Management Accountant) examination. Buford reports directly to Anton, the senior commercial credit analyst who has been with Kent Bank for needs, but some variation in demand does occur, and the retailers expect to be able to adjust orders as needed. LAF allows retailers to adjust each month's purchases to 80% to 120% of the estimated sales levels. Flags are shipped to retail customers using JIT distribution so that the online retailers do not have to store inventory. Typical sales for the flag are 1,800 units per month with seasonal increases in April through August. Sales estimates are 2,500 units in April, 6,000 units in May, 3,000 units in June, 2,500 units in July, and 2,000 units in August. Customers historically have paid 40% of their purchases in the month of the sale, 55% in the following month, and the remaining 5% is uncollectible. 10 years. IMA EDUCATIONAL CASE JOURNAL 1 VOL. 11, NO. 4, ART. 4, DECEMBER 2018 2018 IMA MANUFACTURING AND SG&A COSTS LOAN DETAILS The flags are made in one plant, which has a capacity of 6,200 units per month. LAF budgets have 20% of next month's sales in finished goods inventory at the end of each month. There is plenty of storage space for finished goods. Fabric is the only direct material and each flag requires five pounds of fabric at US$7 per pound. LAF plans to have 40% of next month's fabric needs on hand at the end of the month. Fabric is purchased on credit with 40% paid in the month of purchase and 60% paid the next month. LAF has requested a line of credit of US$60,000 to cover production costs during the seasonal increase in business. Kent Bank uses the following terms on its lines of credit. All borrowing is done at the beginning of the month in whole dollar increments. All repayments are made at the end of the month in whole dollar increments. The full line of credit is expected to be paid off by the end of the quarter with all the interest repaid at the end of the quarter. The interest rate on this loan is 16% per year. this loan is 16% per year. REQUIRED in the month of purchase and 60% paid the next month. The standard direct labor hours to manufacture one flag is 0.50 hours at US$40 per hour. For simplicity, direct labor costs are budgeted as if they were paid when incurred. Manufacturing overhead rates are computed quarterly and applied based on direct labor hours. Fixed manufacturing overhead costs are estimated to be US$57,950 per month, of which US$20,000 is property, plant, and equipment (PPE) depreciation. Variable manufacturing overhead, including indirect materials, indirect labor, and other costs, is estimated at US$10 per direct labor hour. The selling and administrative expenses include variable selling costs (primarily shipping) of US$1.25 per unit and fixed costs of US$63,000 per month, of which US$10,000 is depreciation of the administrative office building and equipment. 1. Using the data input provided (Exhibit 1), prepare LAF's master budgets in Excel. Do not hard-code numbers into the spreadsheet, except in the financing section of the cash budget. 2. Conduct a sensitivity analysis, decreasing sales 2%, 5%, and 10% for April through August. New sales levels are provided in Exhibit 2. Adjust the financing and cash needs at these new sales levels. 3. Determine a credit recommendation for Kent Bank, to lend or not. Be prepared to justify your credit decision. Explain why the cash budget is more important to a bank than the accounting net income when determining a credit decision. 5. Explain why decreases in sales is examined in a sensitivity analysis for a credit decision. FINANCIAL STATEMENT DETAILS AND CASH PLANNING LAF uses first in, first out (FIFO) inventory valuation. As of March 31, the expected finished goods inventory is 410 units, valued at US$75 per unit. The company expects to have 4,600 pounds of fabric on hand, valued at US$7 per pound. Other expected account balances include accounts payable at US$55,000, accounts receivable at 132,000, cash at US$37,745, land at US$520,000, and building and equipment at US$1,800,000 with accumulated depreciation of US$750,000. LAF has no long-term debt; common stock is valued at US$500,000 and is not expected to change during the quarter; ABOUT IMA (INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANTS) IMA, the association of accountants and financial professionals in business, is one of the largest and most respected associations focused exclusively on advancing the management accounting profession. Globally, IMA supports the profession through research, the CMA (Certified Management Accountant) program, continuing education, networking and advocacy of the highest ethical business LC1247 0 sensitivity analysis for a credit decision. LAF uses first in, first out (FIFO) inventory valuation. As of March 31, the expected finished goods inventory is 410 units, valued at US$75 per unit. The company expects to have 4,600 pounds of fabric on hand, valued at US$7 per pound. Other expected account balances include accounts payable at US$55,000, accounts receivable at 132,000, cash at US$37,745, land at US$520,000, and building and equipment at US$1,800,000 with accumulated depreciation of US$750,000. LAF has no long-term debt; common stock is valued at US$500,000 and is not expected to change during the quarter; expected retained earnings as of March 31 are US$1,247,695. LAF budgets for US$30,000 ending cash balance each month and is requesting a line of credit that will allow it to adjust for its cash needs. The dividends of US$15,000 are paid each month. During the quarter, LAF planned to purchase equipment in May and June for US$47,820 and US$154,600, respectively. This equipment is being purchased to increase capacity and is not expected to come on line until after the quarter, thus not affecting the manufacturing overhead costs. ABOUT IMA (INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANTS) IMA, the association of accountants and financial professionals in business, is one of the largest and most respected associations focused exclusively on advancing the management accounting profession. Globally, IMA supports the profession through research, the CMA (Certified Management Accountant) program, continuing education, networking and advocacy of the highest ethical business practices. IMA has a global network of more than 100,000 members in 140 countries and 300 professional and student chapters. Headquartered in Montvale, N.J., USA, IMA provides localized services through its four global regions: The Americas, Asia/Pacific, Europe, and Middle East/India. For more information about IMA, please visit www.imanet.org. IMA EDUCATIONAL CASE JOURNAL 2 VOL. 11, NO. 4, ART. 4, DECEMBER 2018 Exhibit 1. Excel Data Input Section B B A Input Data (US$) 30 2 31 A Selling & Administrative (S&A) Costs Variable S&A cost per unit sold Fixed S&A cost per month Depreciation in fixed S&A cost US$1.25 3 32 US$63,000 4 33 US$10,000 5 34 Budgeted Sales April (units) May (units) June (units) July (units) August (units) Expected 2,500 6,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 6 35 7 36 Other Cash Outflows Cash dividends paid each month Equipment purchases May Equipment purchases June 8 37 US$15,000 US$47,820 US$154,600 9 38 10 Selling price/unit US$120.00 39 11 40 12 41 Desired Ending Inventory Finished goods Raw materials Cash 13 40% Cash Collection Pattern Month of sale Following month Uncollectible 42 20% 40% US$30,000 14 43 55% 5% 15 44 16 45 17 46 18 Cash Payments for Materials Month of purchase Following month 40% 47 19 60% 48 20 49 Beginning Account Balances on March 31 Cash Accounts receivable Finished goods inventory (at US$75/unit) Finished goods cost per unit Finished goods inventory (units) Raw materials (at US$7.00/1b.) Raw materials (Ib.) Accounts payable US$37,745 US$132,000 US$30,750 US$75.00 410 US$32,200 4,600 US$55,000 21 50 22 5 51 23 52 24 US$7.00 0.5 US$40.00 53 Production Requirements Raw material per unit (16.) Raw material cost per lb. Direct labor hours per unit Direct labor rate per hour Variable manufacturing overhead rate per direct labor hour Fixed manufacturing overhead cost per month Depreciation in Fixed manufacturing overhead 25 54 26 US$10 55 56 27 57 US$57,950 US$20,000 Land Buildings and equipment Accumulated depreciation Common stock Retained earnings US$520,000 US$1,800,000 (US$750,000) US$500,000 US$1,247,695 28 58 29 59 Exhibit 2. Sales at Different Levels 10% Budgeted Sales April (units) May (units) June (units) July (units) August (units) Expected 2,500 6,000 3,000 2% 2,450 5,880 Decreased by 5% 2,375 5,700 2,850 2,250 5,400 2,700 2,940 2,450 2,375 2,250 2,500 2,000 1,960 1,900 1,800 IMA EDUCATIONAL CASE JOURNAL 3 VOL. 11, NO. 4, ART. 4, DECEMBER 2018