1a. what generates proton gradient? where is it generates andhow does that limit amount of gradient possible?
1b. What is oxygen used for during metabolism, and what happensif it is absent?
1c. What molecule increases in the cell when oxygen is absent,and what cellular process related to cell death can this trigger?How is this mechanism an anti-cancer mechanism?
1d. In multicellularity, what problem arises in reproduction byonly a subset of the aggregate cells? Does this same problem arisein clonal forms of multicellular organisms?
1e. What enzymes are used in cell signaling in metazoa?
