14) Using the following findings of volume flow and osmolaritythroughout a nephron, describe andfully explain the processesoccurring at each of the listed sites of the nephron, to generatethe listed flow and osmolarity.

Blood flow into the glomerulus is at 280 mOsM, of which thealbumin (large proteins) constitutes 90 mOsM. FLUID OSMOLARITY FLOWVOLUME Glomerular Filtrate 300 mOsM 7.5 L per hour End of ProximalTubule 300 mOsM 2.5 L per hour End of Descending Loop 1200 mOsM0.625 L per hour End of Ascending Loop 100 mOsM 0.625 L per hourDistal Tubule through End of Collecting Duct 100 mOsM 0.25 L perhour GLOMERULUS -PROXIMAL TUBULE -DESCENDING LOOP -ASCENDING LOOP-DISTAL NEPHRON

15) Describe the expected immune response to the followingscenario: enveloped virus particles enter through the respiratorysystem, infecting epithelial cells of the upper airways. As thebronchial epithelial cells die and release new viral particles,these enter lymphatic capillaries and travel to the lymph nodes inthe neck

. (16) A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer timethan imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccineshould be the external spike protein on the envelope of thisenveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelialcells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell,is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the productionof a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is notlikely to be successful.