1. Which of the following statements about the physiologicalsignals is CORRECT?

a. The nervous system provides both electrical and chemicalsignals.

b. Chemical signals are the most physiological type ofcommunication within the body.

c. Electrical signals are due to Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ within acell.

d. Chemical signals are secreted by cells into the extracellularfluid.

e. Target cells are cells that respond to specific signals.

f. All of the above

2. What is TRUE about the hypothalamus? There may be more thanone answer.  

a. Detects plasma osmolarity

b. Osmoreceptor

c. Produces and secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

d. Produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

e. Produces renin (enzyme)

3. What are the characteristics of the tubular reabsorption?There may be more than one answer.

a. The proximal convoluted tubule is the initial site of tubularreabsorption, where 100% of the filtrate is reabsorbed and theprocess is unregulated.

b. Atrial natriuretic peptide targets the principal cells of thedistal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase thetubular reabsorption of water.

c. The descending limb of the loop of Henle only causes thereabsorption of water back into the blood of the peritubular
capillary.

d. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes thereabsorption of Na⁺, K^+, Cl^-,Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ but not the reabsorption ofwater due to high level of cholesterol within the membrane.

e. More than 80% of the tubular reabsorption is regulated at thedistal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the presence ofaldosterone, anti-diuretic hormone, and atrial natriureticpeptide.