1.     Which of the following is true ofvariables?

	a.	Variables only need conceptual definitions.
	b.	Variables are the same as constants.
	c.	All variables can be manipulated.
	d.	Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

QUESTION 2

When evaluating causal claims, which of the following questionsassesses internal validity?

	a.	How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?
	b.	To what populations can we generalize thisclaim?
	c.	Are the groups large enough to find a significantdifference?
	d.	Does the study establish temporal precedence?

QUESTION 3

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Chang, a cognitive psychologist,conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory.He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at hisuniversity. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. Thefirst 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns toGroup B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotionalin content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list ofwords that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He thenmeasures how many words each group is able to remember after beingdistracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history ofthe university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words thanGroup B.
Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang’sstudy?

	a.	the length of the distractor task
	b.	the emotional or neutral content of the words
	c.	the number of words on the list
	d.	the number of words remembered

QUESTION 4

An association claim is made by which of the followingstatements?

	a.	“Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners.”
	b.	“Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction.”
	c.	“Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreasesin recovery time.”
	d.	“A majority of Americans like dogs.”

QUESTION 5

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow her to makeclaims that apply to all college students. Which of the followingvalidities is she prioritizing?

	a.	the construct validity of the study
	b.	the external validity of the study
	c.	the internal validity of the study
	d.	the statistical validity of the study

QUESTION 6

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Jose and his friends are discussing a studyhe read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study,the researcher made the claim that most middle school students whoare bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study,saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you canreally measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study,saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curiousif they included both private and public school students.” Manishalso is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong therelationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predictone from the other?”
Clarissa’s concern is addressing which of the following?

	a.	the study’s construct validity
	b.	the study’s internal validity
	c.	the study’s external validity
	d.	the study’s statistical validity

QUESTION 7

Luke wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which ofthe following is necessary?

	a.	He must manipulate all of his variables.
	b.	He must conduct an experiment.
	c.	He must measure all of his variables.
	d.	He must make a frequency claim first.

QUESTION 8

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure totelevision is associated with increased aggressive behavior inchildren. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really toblame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peerpressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioningwhich of the following criteria of causation?

	a.	the criterion of temporal precedence
	b.	the criterion of external validity
	c.	the third-variable criterion
	d.	the criterion of covariance

QUESTION 9

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Alison reads the following headline on anonline article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist,and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted bySanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members ofstigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at otherstigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can bethreatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, andthat these perceptions made participants expect unfairtreatment.
The results of this study can be generalized to which of thefollowing groups?

	a.	African American women
	b.	Individuals receiving unfair treatment
	c.	All minority groups
	d.	White women and African American men

QUESTION 10

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Incera makes the following claim:“Watching television leads people to spend less time communicatingwith their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim:“Research shows that making more money correlates with spendingless time talking with your spouse.”
Which type of claim is Dr. Incera making?

	a.	association claim
	b.	frequency claim
	c.	causal claim
	d.	anecdotal claim