1.

Which of the following is TRUE about the functions of atrialnatriuretic peptide (ANP)? There may be more than one answer.

Select one or more:

a. ANP increases the glomerular filtration rate by binding atthe afferent arteriole to cause the walls to vasoconstrict.

b. ANP binds at the posterior pituitary gland to suppress thesecretion of ADH into the blood.

c. ANP binds at the adrenal cortex to suppress the secretion ofaldosterone.

d. ANP binds at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ductto suppress the Na⁺ reabsorption.

e. ANP binds at the juxtaglomerular apparatus to suppress thesecretion of renin.

f. All of the above

2.

Which of the following is TRUE about the signal transduction fordiacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate(IP₃)?  

Select one:

a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are first messengers that bindto Alpha 1 receptors to activate protein kinase C at the cellmembrane.

b. Phospholipase C, an amplifier enzyme, converts membranephospholipid into two second messengers, diacylglycerol andinositol triphosphate.

c. Inositol triphosphate remains in the cell membrane andactivates protein kinase C, which phosphorylate other proteins forcellular response.

d. Diacylglycerol diffuses from the cell membrane into thecytoplasm to activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum to secrete calciuminto the cytosol for cellular response.

3.

Which of the following statements associated with theRenin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is TRUE?

Select one:

a. The granular cells of the afferent arteriole in thejuxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin, an enzyme, when theafferent arteriole detects a lower blood pressure.

b. The liver cells would secrete angiotensinogen which isconverted by the renin into angiotensin I.

c. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by theangiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is an enzyme secreted bythe lungs.

d. Angiotensin II can cause arteriolar vasoconstriction andstimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.

e. Aldosterone binds at the principal cells of the distalconvoluted tubule and the collecting duct to promote the productionof Na⁺ channels and the opening of Na⁺channels in order to increase the Na⁺ reabsorption whichwill increase the plasma osmolarity, blood pressure, and bloodvolume while it will decrease the urine flow rate.

f. All of the above

g. None of the above