1) When an abundance of amino acids occurs in the body, excessnitrogen has to be removed.OnewayinwhichthisisdoneisbyUreaSynthesis.

Part A: Describe the metabolic pathway in which Urea isproduced, starting with free ammonium (NH4+) in the mitrochondria.What key intermediates are created? Which enzymes are needed toperform these transformations? How does this cycle relate to theTCA cycle?

Part B: Purines also need to be catabolized and removed from thebody. What chemical form(s) does/do these purine-degradationproduct take? How to these products differ between species (e.g.,mammals, birds, amphibians)?

Part C: Describe what happens when there are defects in thepurine catabolic pathways. What sorts of diseases are a results thebuildup of purine degradation products?

2) The energetics of glycolysis has been well studied. While theoverall process is exergonic, very few of the steps aresignificantly so.

Part A: Describe those steps that are exergonic in detail. Whatsorts of chemical processesarehappening?Howwouldyouclassifyeachtypeofreaction?

Part B: Justify the exergonic nature of each of these steps.What is it about each step that leads to its spontaneous nature?Are any of these steps reversible? Why or why not? If not, how doesthe body overcome this lack of reversibility?

Part C: Overall, what do you think about the effectiveness andimpact of energy generation (ATP generation) of anaerobic vs.aerobic catabolism? If one is more effective vs. the other, why doboth types exist?