1. Steel tapes must be maintained and checked regularly fordamages such as kinks and breakages. If a damaged steel tape isused for measurements describe the type of error(s)that would beobserved. (0.5marks)

2. To meet the tolerance required for a surveying project, it isnecessary to use a total station. An obstacle makes it impossibleto obtain a direct line of sight. Explain one technique that youwould use to establish the line of sight past the obstacle. Use asketch if necessary (0.5marks)

3.Watch the video below which demonstrates the process oftransferring levels or elevations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAN9SAR7RZ4a.

a.Identify all the safety precautions taken by the surveycrew.(1 mark)

b.The lead surveyor describes at least four challenges that thesurvey crew had to overcome during the survey process. Identifythese challenges, and describe the errors associated with them. (1mark)

c.Identify all activities performed by the survey party toensure accuracy. Classify these activities according to thecategories outlined in the Guidelines for Accurate Surveying.(3marks)

4.A surveyor completes a levelling circuit from a known BM atpoint A ( RL = 37.730 m). At the end of the survey, the surveyorfinds out that the rod person moved the graduated staff before a BSvalue was taken at the third change point. The levels obtained areas follows: 1.857 ( RL = 37.567 m), (0.983, 0.354), 0.571, 1.011,2.151, (1.124, x), 0.890, (0.543, 3.178), 3.808.

a.Assuming that the misclosure for the level circuit is 0.000 m,find the probable value of the missing BS value x.(2marks)

b.Is the value of x in part (a) acceptable? Explain.(1mark)

c.Book the levels, including the value of x calculated in part(a) using the HPC method and show all arithmetic checks.(1mark)

5.A surveyor conducted a cadastral survey of a property outlinedby survey pegs at points A, B, C and D.The total station was usedto measure the length of lines AB and DA however due to batteryfailure, lines BC and CD were measured using asuspended30-metresteel tape. The measurements obtained are given in the tablebelow:

Line	Measured length(m)	Instrument used	Measured temp (0c)	Applied tension
AB	156.034	Total Station	22.2	-
BC	253.109	Taping	22.4	90
CD	121.198	Taping	22.1	90
DA	106.075	Total Station	22.0	-

a.If the tape was standardised under a tension of 50 N at 20°C,apply the necessary corrections and compute the actual length oflines BC and CD.(1mark)

b.It is known that angle DAB is 102°15′40′′. After the survey,it is observed that the total station at point A is off the surveypeg, coinciding with a point A′such that angle DA′B is 102°26′42′′.Find the length of distance AA′.(2mark)

c.Determine the actual length of lines AB and DA. (2marks)

Take:

Gravitational acceleration,g= 9.81 m/s2

Cross-sectional area of the tape, A= 3.15 mm2

Mass of the tape, m= 0.02 kg/m

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, K= 0.9 × 10–6per °C

Young’s modulus, E= 14.8 × 104MN/mm2