1) Please define the term closed circulatory system. Which animals have it, and what are itsâ€™...

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Biology

1) Please define the term closed circulatory system. Whichanimals have it, and what are itsâ€™ evolutionary advantages overopen systems (why might a closed system be more efficient)?
(10 points)
2) Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiaccycle for mammals (organisms with a
double circulation), as well as the opening and
closing of all heart valves, and the signals arising from the SAand AV nodes. How does this cycle contribute to metabolichomeostasis for our cells, and what is the purpose of thevalves?
3) Using information discussed during our lectures thus far,propose 2 physical ways that a human may develop hypertension
(abnormally elevated blood pressure). [One of these mechanismsshould
stem from the blood vessels, and the other at the level of thenervous system]. What are the long-
term consequences of elevated hypertension?

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Ans 1 In a closed circulatory system the blood stays within blood vessels In this way blood is kept separate from body tissues This system has a heart that pumps blood through a continuous circulation pattern As such the blood tends to be pumped at a higher pressure In organisms with a closed circulatory system the blood does not fill body cavities Many vertebrates such as humans have a circulatory system known as the cardiovascular system and a secondary system known as the lymphatic system Animals with a closed circulatory system tend to be larger than those with an open circulatory systemconsider for example an elephant versus a grasshopper This type of system can transport blood to extremities while maintaining a higher blood pressure than the open circulatory system There are several different heart configurations for an animal with a closed circulatory system Most mammals have a fourchambered heart which separates the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood A fish has a twochambered heart which pumps blood directly to the gills to become oxygenated and then throughout the body Amphibians have threechambered hearts where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix within the heart before being pumped to the body The circulatory systems of all vertebrates as well as of annelids for example earthworms and cephalopods squids octopuses and relatives are closed just as in humans Still the systems of fish amphibians reptiles and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system The closed circulatory system has more advantages over the open circulatory system 1 The blood transfers faster in the closed system thus oxygen nutritients and wastes transport fast also 2 Specialized cells help See Answer

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