1. Explain how the epidermis and the external morphology of shark, mudpuppy, snake, bird, pig are...

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Biology

1. Explain how the epidermis and the external morphology ofshark, mudpuppy, snake, bird, pig are adapted to the lifestyle ofeach animal.
2. Trace the path of food from its entrance into the body to itsexit from the body for each of the five organisms, indicating allorgans that are involved in the digestion of food.
3. Indicate one unique digestinve feature for each organism andindicate its function.

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SHARKS Sharks ability to sustain life as the apex of the aquatic ecosystem for more than 400 million years speaks volumes about their physical and behavioral adaptations This predator known for razorsharp teeth and swift movements combines such attributes with a range of behaviors to carry on necessary processes inherent to survival and supremacy at the top of the food chain in the ocean habitat Sharks combine physical adaptations such as sharp teeth heightened senses and a forceful body and tail with behavioral techniques to catch prey Sharks are nocturnal predators of the ocean feeding at night between low and high tide and typically in shallow water near reefs Sharks use their speed agility body weight and the force of their teeth to attack their prey without exerting a large amount of energy This helps them retain calories needed for migrating long distances hunting and mating MUDPUPPY Mudpuppies are between 20 and 33 cm in length They are neotenic and retain large maroon colored external gills throughout their life Mudpuppies that live in cold water with high oxygen concentrations have shorter gills than those living in oxygen depleted waters The spotting pattern ranges from a few spots to many spots or spots merging to form stripes The belly is whitish to grayish and sometimes has bluish black spots There are two generally recognized subspecies Necturus m maculosus individuals have rusty brown to gray dorsa with conspicuous spotting The underside is gray and may or may not be spotted Louisiana waterdogs have light yellowish brown to tan dorsa The dorsal side is marked with large spots and sometimes a dorsal stripe The belly is light colored with no spots The head of all mudpuppies is flat and the tail is short and laterally compressed for swimming Four toes are present on each of four welldeveloped limbs Males and females look very similar However male cloacae have two prominent papillae directed backward In the breeding season males have swollen cloacae Female cloacae are slitlike and usually surrounded by light coloration Young mudpuppies are black with longitudinal yellow stripes SNAKES Although it is known that the epidermis of snakes consists of six main layers there has not been a single study comparing the crosssection architecture of these layers between different snake species inhabiting different environments and preferably using different modes of locomotion From previous studies it is known that between different snake species the scale surface microstructure can vary significantly even between representatives of the same family That is why these microstructures have been used for taxonomic purposes but with a limited See Answer

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