1. Explain a system for identifying and recording teeth in adults and in children 2. What are...

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Medical Sciences

1. Explain a system for identifying and recording teeth inadults and in children

2. What are the pathogenesis of (a) Asthma (b)Bronchitis(c)Pneumonia (d) Plueral effusion

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ISO System by the World Health Organization The International Standards Organization Designation System ISO System by the World Health Organization notation system is widely used by dental professionals internationally to associate information with a specific tooth Based on the Fdration Dentaire Internationale FDI it is also known as ISO 3950 notation Thus the ISO System uses a twodigit numbering system in which the first digit represents a tooths quadrant and the second digit represents the number of the tooth from the midline of the face For permanent teeth the upper right teeth begin with the number 1 The upper left teeth begin with the number 2 The lower left teeth begin with the number 3 The lower right teeth begin with the number 4 For primary teeth the sequence of numbers goes 5 6 7 and 8 for the teeth in the upper right upper left lower left and lower right respectively When speaking about a certain tooth such as the permanent maxillary central incisor the notation is pronounced one one Beware of mixing up the teeth in written form such as 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 between the Universal and ISO systems Permanent Dentition upper right 1 upper left 2 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 R L 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 lower right 4 lower left 3 Primary Dentition upper right 5 upper left 6 55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65 R L 85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75 lower right 8 lower left 7 I incisor 1112212241423132 C canine 13233343 P premolar 1414242534354445 M molar 161718262728363738464748 2 pathogenesis ASTHMA The pathophysiology of asthma is complex and involves the following components Airway inflammation Intermittent airflow obstruction Bronchial hyperresponsiveness Airway inflammation The mechanism of inflammation in asthma may be acute subacute or chronic and the presence of airway edema and mucus secretion also contributes to airflow obstruction and bronchial reactivity Varying degrees of mononuclear cell and eosinophil infiltration mucus See Answer

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