1. Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is anauto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System(CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelinas a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can makeit hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from therest of the body.

Question:  What impact does thedestruction of myelin have on a neuron?

	A.	Decreases the ability to generate an action potential
	B.	Limits the ability to reproduce
	C.	Decreases the ability to release neurotransmitters
	D.	Decreases the speed in which the action potential travels downthe neuron
	E.	Slows down the rate in which it depolarises

2.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is anauto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System(CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelinas a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can makeit hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from therest of the body.

Question: What cells will attempt to support thedamaged neurons, in someone with MS?

	A.	Neurons
	B.	Schwann Cells
	C.	Myocytes
	D.	Lymphocytes
	E.	Oligodendrocytes

3.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is anauto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System(CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelinas a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can makeit hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from therest of the body.

Question: Some MS patients will experienceimpaired communication between the CNS & the efferent divisionof the Somatic Nervous System. Which of the following could be aresulting sign/symptom of this?

	A.	Muscle weakness
	B.	Decreased sensation/feeling
	C.	Decreased heart rate
	D.	Decreased digestive functions
	E.	Disorientation/confusion

4.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is anauto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System(CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelinas a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can makeit hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from therest of the body.

Question: Some MS patients may begin to experiencebladder & bowel (digestive) complications. This would be likelydue to the impaired connection between the CNS & which otherdivision of the nervous system (NS)?

	A.	Somatic NS
	B.	All of the answers are correct
	C.	Brachial Plexus
	D.	Parasympathetic NS
	E.	Sympathetic NS

5.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female,who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain.She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. Anultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a conditionshe has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that canform in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages whichresult in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: The doctor explained to Susan thatthe ultrasound has detected the gallstones have blocked a duct,which is preventing the breakdown of certain foods. Which duct isthe doctor likely referring to?

	A.	Pyloric duct
	B.	Pancreatic duct
	C.	Duodenal duct
	D.	Common bile duct
	E.	Gastric duct

6.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female,who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain.She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. Anultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a conditionshe has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that canform in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages whichresult in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: What type of food is most likely toworsen Susan’s pain:

	A.	Food high in protein
	B.	Food high in salt
	C.	Food high in lipids
	D.	Food high in sugar
	E.	Food high in carbohydrates

7.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female,who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain.She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. Anultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a conditionshe has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that canform in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages whichresult in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: In the past, gallstones have notcaused Susan grief because they have passed through the appropriateduct & through the remainder of the digestive tract. Whatstructures, in order, would the gallstones have passed throughbefore exiting the body?

	A.	Duodenum, ilium, jejunum, ascending colon, descending colon,rectum
	B.	Duodenum, jejunum, ilium, ascending colon, transverse colon,descending colon, rectum
	C.	Jejunum, Ilium, descending colon, transverse colon, ascendingcolon, rectum
	D.	Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
	E.	Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum

8.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female,who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain.She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. Anultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a conditionshe has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that canform in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages whichresult in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: Which process/es of digestion has theblockage caused by the gallstones impacted:

1. Mechanical digestion
2. Chemical Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Peristalsis

	A.	2 only
	B.	1 & 4
	C.	3 only
	D.	2 & 3
	E.	1 & 3

9.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female,who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain.She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. Anultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a conditionshe has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that canform in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages whichresult in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: Which of the following symptoms wouldyou NOT expect someone with gallstones to experience?

	A.	nausea
	B.	pain urinating
	C.	abnormal coloured faeces
	D.	reflux
	E.	diarrhea

10. Epidemiologists quantify the frequency of disease bydeveloping a definition of the disease, instituting a mechanism forcounting cures of disease within a population, and determining thesize of that population. It is only when the number of cures arerelated to the size of the population that we know the truefrequency of disease.

A True

B False

11. What is the primary difference between public health andmedicine?

	A.	Public health focuses on preventing diseases in communities, andmedicine focuses on treating diseases at the individual level.
	B.	Medicine focuses on preventing diseases in communities, andpublic health focuses on treating diseases at the individuallevel.
	C.	Public health and medicine both have the same focuses onpreventing diseases and treating diseases at the individuallevel. Â
	D.	Public health focuses on cells, tissues and animals inlaboratory settings, and medicine focuses on treating diseases atthe individual level.
	E.	Public health focuses on improving diagnosis and treatment ofdisease, and medicine focuses on prevention of disease promotion ofhealth.

12.

What was the inital goal of the Framingham Study?

	A.	To develop ways identifying lung cancer and smoking amonghealthy volunteers.
	B.	To develop ways identifying tuberculosis and streptomycin amonghealthy volunteers.
	C.	To develop ways identifying cholera and drinking water amonghealthy volunteers.
	D.	To develop ways identifying cardiovascular disease among healthyvolunteers.
	E.	None of the above

13.

The original Streptomycin Tuberculosis Trial was conducted inAustralia during the 1980s.

A True

B False

14.

James Lind conducted one of the first observational studies inthe neighborhoods of 19th-century London and discovered thatcontaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera.

A True

B False

15.

Population is a group of people with a commoncharacteristic.

A True

B False

16.

Define disease frequency

Disease frequency is ...

A		the ultimate aim of epidemiology and refers to the reduction orelimination of disease occurrence. It is accomplished throughepidemiological research and surveillance.
B		a pattern of disease according to the characteristics of person(who is getting the disease?), place (where is it occurring?) andtime (how is it changing over time?).
C		a group of people with a common characteristic.
D		a measure of disease frequency quantifies how often a diseasearises in a population. Its calculation involves establishing thedisease definition, developing a mechanism for counting thediseased cases (the numerator), and determining the size of theunderlying population (the denominator).
E		a factor that bring about a change in a person’s health or makea difference in a person’s health.